Alley cropping groundnut with Gliricidia sepium in Côte d'Ivoire: effects on yields,microclimate and crop diseases

Despite its economic and nutritional importance, groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has received little attention in alley cropping research. Groundnut was grown in rotation with rice and maize during two successive years in an alley cropping experiment with Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. (Fabaceae) on a Ferralic Cambisol/Plinthic Lixisol in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of the Côte d'Ivoire. Drought caused low groundnut yields in both years. Hedgerows at 5 m spacing between the rows increased groundnut yields in the alleys by increasing pod numbers per plant and fully compensated for yield losses due to the surface occupied by the hedgerows and (in the first year) yield depressions at the tree-crop interface. Yield increases were presumably mainly due to reduced disease incidence and improved water relations of the crops. Fertilization increased yields of groundnut straw in the second year, but not pod yields. Root barriers between hedgerows and crops had no effect on groundnut yields. Shading from the hedgerows was limited to the first groundnut row at the southern side of the alleys and to a short period at maturity, and pod yields were consequently not affected. Potential evapotranspiration was lower in the alleys than in sole cropping plots during most of the cropping season, with the most pronounced reductions near the southern tree-crop interface. In the first year, a severe virus infestation of groundnut seemed to be reduced by hedgerow integration. In the second year,Gliricidia mulch reduced the incidence of fungal leaf diseases (late leafspot, rust) of groundnut both under sole cropping and alley cropping conditions. In contrast, leaf destruction by fungi was increased in the shaded parts of the alleys. In alley cropping, effects on crop diseases have to be considered when hedgerows are managed for reducing crop transpiration. Agroforestry may have a potential for increasing yield security of groundnut by reducing transpiration and crop diseases in drought years.

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Resumé Il existait peu de recherches sur l'arachide (Arachis hypogaea L.) dans les systèmes de culture en couloirs, malgré toute l'importance économique et nutritionelle de cette plante. L'influence de haies de Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. (Fabaceae) sur une culture intercalaire d'arachide fut étudié sur des sols ferralitiques (Ferralic Cambisol, Plinthic Lixisol) en zone de forêt dense humide semi-décidue en Côte d'Ivoire. L'expérience fut suivie pendant deux années successives, au cours desquelles l'arachide fut cultivée en rotation avec du riz et du maïs. Les productions d'arachide furent faibles en raison de la sécheresse des deux saisons considérées. Les haies, espacées de 5 m, ont permis d'accroître la production d'arachides dans les couloirs grâce à une augmentation du nombre de gousses par plantes; ceci permit de compenser l'espace occupé par les arbustes, ainsi que les pertes constatées, en première année seulement, sur les lignes les plus proches des haies. L'augmentation de production peut probablement s'expliquer en grande partie par une réduction des maladies ainsi que par une amélioration de la situation hydrique de la culture. L'apport d'engrais a augmenté la production de fanes d'arachide en deuxième année, mais pas celle de gousses. La mise en place de barrières souterraines entre la haie et la culture n'a pas eu d'effet sur la production de celle-ci. L'ombrage par la haie ne toucha que la première ligne d'arachide sur le côté sud des couloirs et pendant une courte période au moment de la maturation, c'est pourquoi il n'y eut pas d'effet dépressif sur la production de gousses. L'évapotranspiration potentielle fut plus faible dans les couloirs que dans les cultures pures sans haies pendant presque toute la période de culture, les réductions les plus importantes étant mesurées du côté sud du couloir, en bordure de haie. Au cours de la première année, il semble que la présence de haies ait réduit une sérieuse attaque virale sur arachide. En deuxième année, ce fut l'apport d'un paillis de Gliricidia qui réduisit l'effet de maladies fongiques de l'arachide (cercosporiose, rouille), que ce soit entre les haies ou en culture pure. Au contraire, les attaques foliaires d'origine fongique furent plus élevées sur les lignes ombragées par les haies. C'est pourquoi il apparaît nécessaire de prendre en compte les aspects phyto-sanitaires lorsque l'on utilise des haies pour réduire l'ETP au niveau d'une culture. En conclusion, les auterus estiment que les systèmes agroforestiers peuvent contribuer à sécuriser la production d'arachide, en réduisant l'ETP et les maladies des cultures, à l'occasion d'années sèches.

     

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Moisture Stress Effects on the Yield and Water Use of Sorghum Hybrids and their Parents*

Little is known of the relationship between hybrids and parental material with respect to water use and drought resistance. Responses of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) F₁ hybrids to moisture deficits are partially determined by parental material. The yield and water use of six sorghum hybrids and their respective male and female parents were evaluated under stressed and well irrigated conditions during 1980 and 1981 at Tucson, Arizona. The soil was Comoro loamy sand (coarse-loamy, mixed, calcareous, thermic typic Torrifluvent) with an average available soil moisture of 16 % at field capacity. Changes in soil moisture were monitored semi-weekly by neutron modulation. Meteorological data were collected daily. The 1980 season had higher maximum temperatures and pan evaporation than the 1981 season. Differences in cumulative water use among entries were apparent within the same water treatments during 1981. Mean cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) for the stressed treatment was 248 and 281 mm for 1980 and 1981, respectively, and ET under well irrigated conditions was 419 and 528 mm for 1980 and 1981, respectively. Hybrids produced greater grain yield than their parents under both water treatments. This was due to greater seed number for hybrids. Seed numbers were more stable for hybrids over both treatments than for parents. Hybrids four and seven had the greatest grain yield in 1980 and 1981, respectively, under stressed conditions. Water use efficiency (WUE) was significantly different within water treatments but was not so between the irrigated and stressed treatments. Hybrids WUE was generally greater than that of parents except for hybrid five under irrigated conditions in 1981. Hybrids with WUE and stable yields were not necessarily reflective of parental material under stressed and non-stressed environments.     

Water-Sensitive Periods during the Reproductive Growth Phase of Glycine max L. I. Regression Model for estimating daily leaf water potential

To establish the exact duration of critical periods for plant water stress during the reproductive growth stage of soybeans it is necessary to draw correlations between daily leaf water potential values and crop growth and yield. Different sets of daily leaf water potential values can be induced by different sets of irrigation applications. It is, however, imperative that water stress values are available for each day over the growing season of a large number of irrigation treatments. Since these values were not available, it was decided to calculate it by establishing a relationship between leaf water potential as determined by potential evapotranspiration and soil water content as well as soil water potential for various layers of the root zone. The most reliable regression formula was found to be:      

Bio-mass Production in Potato in Relation to Evapotranspiration and Energy Summation Indices in Northern Hills of India

In field experiments conducted for 2 consecutive years at Shimla (31°06'N, 77°10'E at 2202 m above mean sea level with potato ( Solarium tuberosum L.), weekly means of rainfall (P), potential evapotranspiration (PET), pan evaporation (PAN) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were estimated during the crop season. It was evident that from April to end of June, the evaporative demand was more than the precipitation and that the crop suffered from water deficit from emergence to tuber initiation. Four different energy summation indices accumulated over important phenological stages of growth and energy-use efficiency in terms of biomass production at these stages were estimated for two seasons. Weekly cumulative biomass production showed a significant correlation with accumulated PET, PAN and PAR in the four genotypes tested in year 2.     

Validation of thromboelastometry in horses

Background: Thromboelastometry is used for identifying or monitoring coagulation abnormalities. It has been validated in several species but not in horses and the characteristics of the equine thromboelastogram have not yet been detailed. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to validate a thromboelastometer to be used with equine blood and to define the normal equine thromboelastogram. Methods: A Rotem-gamma thromboelastometer (Pentapharm GmbH, Munich, Germany) was used on 38 citrated blood samples to investigate native coagulation, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, the function of fibrinogen (largely dependent on its concentration), and the presence of fibrinolysis. Using classic validation approaches, we evaluated the imprecision of the method and the influence of hemolysis and storage time and temperature. The normal thromboelastogram was defined in both saddle and racing horses (the latter sampled before and after the race). Results: For imprecision tests, the analytical variations were <10%. The equine thromboelastogram had a pattern similar to those of other species, but the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways were less and more efficient, respectively. Reference intervals in racing horses, especially after exercise, were different from those of saddle horses, most likely due to a higher RBC mass. Coagulability decreased in hemolyzed samples and significant changes were found between nonrefrigerated and refrigerated blood samples stored for 20 hours. Conclusions: The Rotem-gamma thromboelastometer is a precise instrument for use with equine blood samples. The equine thromboelastogram is similar to that of other species, but reference intervals vary with aptitude and exercise. Hemolysis and refrigeration alter thromboelastometric results.     

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